Fig. 3

Change in depression and anxiety Z-scores from before (age 20 years) to during the COVID-19 pandemic (age 22 years) as a function of pre-existing vulnerabilities; n = 1039, weighted. Data were compiled from the final master file of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2020), Québec Government, Québec Statistic Institute. Positive scores indicate a deterioration of mental health