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Table 4 Association of depressive symptoms scores with incidence of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality stratified by different factors

From: Association of both depressive symptoms scores and specific depressive symptoms with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality

Factors

Depressive symptoms scoresa, quintitle HRs (95% CI)

P-value for trend

P-value for

interaction

1(0–0)

2 (0–1)

3 (1–2)

4 (2–4)

5 (5–27)

All-cause mortalityb

     

 Age, years old

      

 < 0.001

  < 65

1 [Reference]

0.95 (0.68–1.32)

1.12 (0.85–1.50)

1.06 (0.81–1.38)

1.59 (1.26–1.99)

 < 0.001

 

  ≥ 65

1 [Reference]

1.10 (0.91–1.32)

1.10 (0.93–1.30)

1.21 (1.03–1.42)

1.42 (1.22–1.65)

 < 0.0001

 

 Sex

      

0.31

  Female

1 [Reference]

1.04 (0.83–1.31)

1.06 (0.84–1.34)

1.16 (0.94–1.42)

1.44 (1.20–1.74)

 < 0.001

 

  Male

1 [Reference]

1.11 (0.90–1.37)

1.24 (1.02–1.52)

1.21 (1.00–1.46)

1.80 (1.52–2.13)

 < 0.0001

 

 Ethnicity

      

0.47

  White

1 [Reference]

1.12 (0.92–1.36)

1.12 (0.94–1.33)

1.18 (1.00–1.38)

1.64 (1.42–1.90)

 < 0.0001

 

  Black

1 [Reference]

0.88 (0.69–1.13)

1.25 (0.99–1.58)

1.17 (0.94–1.46)

1.62 (1.30–2.03)

 < 0.0001

 

  Mexican

1 [Reference]

0.76 (0.39–1.48)

1.09 (0.61–1.93)

1.42 (0.95–2.12)

1.15 (0.73–1.81)

0.230

 

  Other

1 [Reference]

1.09 (0.64–1.86)

1.36 (0.72–2.55)

1.46 (0.89–2.40)

1.93 (1.25–2.98)

0.003

 

 Education level

     

0.04

  < High school diploma

1 [Reference]

0.93 (0.71–1.21)

1.26 (0.99–1.62)

1.05 (0.83–1.33)

1.42 (1.20–1.69)

 < 0.001

 

  High school diploma

1 [Reference]

1.03 (0.74–1.43)

1.09 (0.81–1.47)

1.31 (1.00–1.70)

1.53 (1.16–2.02)

0.001

 

  > High school diploma

1 [Reference]

1.18 (0.94–1.49)

1.13 (0.92–1.38)

1.20 (0.96–1.50)

1.85 (1.51–2.28)

 < 0.0001

 

 Smoking status

      

0.13

  Never

1 [Reference]

0.94 (0.76–1.16)

1.22 (0.97–1.54)

1.16 (0.94–1.43)

1.67 (1.31–2.12)

 < 0.0001

 

  Former

1 [Reference]

1.24 (0.99–1.56)

1.14 (0.91–1.43)

1.15 (0.96–1.38)

1.40 (1.15–1.70)

0.002

 

  Current

1 [Reference]

1.02 (0.71–1.45)

1.02 (0.68–1.53)

1.30 (0.91–1.86)

1.82 (1.38–2.40)

 < 0.0001

 

 Drinking status

      

0.01

  Never

1 [Reference]

1.09 (0.82–1.44)

1.45 (1.05–2.00)

1.66 (1.17–2.36)

1.63 (1.15–2.32)

0.001

 

  Former

1 [Reference]

1.27 (0.99–1.63)

1.13 (0.89–1.43)

1.40 (1.09–1.80)

1.72 (1.42–2.07)

 < 0.0001

 

  Current

1 [Reference]

0.99 (0.77–1.27)

1.09 (0.85–1.41)

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

1.57 (1.32–1.88)

 < 0.001

 

 Coronary heart disease

     

0.10

  No

1 [Reference]

1.05 (0.88–1.25)

1.09 (0.91–1.31)

1.18 (1.01–1.37)

1.65 (1.40–1.93)

 < 0.0001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.38 (0.89–2.16)

1.58 (1.09–2.30)

1.35 (1.00–1.83)

1.52 (1.06–2.18)

0.010

 

 Congestive heart failure

     

0.18

  No

1 [Reference]

1.06 (0.88–1.26)

1.15 (0.99–1.34)

1.17 (1.01–1.35)

1.65 (1.43–1.91)

 < 0.0001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.09 (0.68–1.77)

1.18 (0.78–1.80)

1.28 (0.98–1.67)

1.38 (0.95–1.99)

0.040

 

 Chronic kidney disease

     

0.47

  No

1 [Reference]

1.00 (0.81–1.24)

1.21 (0.93–1.57)

1.17 (0.95–1.46)

1.53 (1.26–1.86)

 < 0.001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.16 (0.91–1.49)

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

1.18 (1.00–1.41)

1.67 (1.42–1.97)

 < 0.0001

 

 Diabetes

      

0.80

  No

1 [Reference]

1.09 (0.90–1.31)

1.12 (0.94–1.33)

1.18 (1.00–1.40)

1.66 (1.41–1.96)

 < 0.0001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.04 (0.78–1.40)

1.21 (0.94–1.56)

1.21 (1.00–1.48)

1.51 (1.26–1.80)

 < 0.0001

 

 Hyperlipidemia

      

0.43

  No

1 [Reference]

1.26 (0.93–1.71)

1.26 (0.86–1.85)

1.47 (1.15–1.90)

1.82 (1.43–2.32)

 < 0.0001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.05 (0.88–1.24)

1.13 (0.96–1.32)

1.13 (0.95–1.35)

1.56 (1.36–1.79)

 < 0.0001

 

 Hypertension

      

0.67

  No

1 [Reference]

1.21 (0.93–1.56)

1.21 (0.91–1.61)

1.25 (0.99–1.57)

1.76 (1.37–2.25)

 < 0.001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.02 (0.81–1.27)

1.11 (0.93–1.34)

1.16 (0.99–1.36)

1.55 (1.36–1.77)

 < 0.0001

 

 Stroke

      

0.07

  No

1 [Reference]

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

1.13 (0.97–1.33)

1.17 (1.01–1.36)

1.68 (1.47–1.93)

 < 0.0001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.00 (0.64–1.56)

1.18 (0.71–1.96)

1.28 (0.90–1.82)

1.26 (0.88–1.81)

0.100

 

 Waist, cm

      

0.12

  < 100

1 [Reference]

1.06 (0.83–1.34)

1.19 (0.95–1.50)

1.33 (1.12–1.59)

1.80 (1.43–2.28)

 < 0.0001

 

  ≥ 100

1 [Reference]

1.11 (0.90–1.37)

1.11 (0.91–1.35)

1.09 (0.91–1.31)

1.51 (1.28–1.78)

 < 0.0001

 

Cardiovascular mortalityb

     

 Age, years old

      

0.65

  < 65

1 [Reference]

0.91 (0.45–1.85)

1.40 (0.86–2.29)

1.25 (0.68–2.30)

1.23 (0.72–2.13)

0.280

 

  ≥ 65

1 [Reference]

1.20 (0.90–1.62)

1.21 (0.90–1.63)

1.17 (0.88–1.55)

1.75 (1.32–2.33)

0.001

 

 Sex

      

0.89

  Female

1 [Reference]

1.06 (0.73–1.55)

1.25 (0.84–1.87)

1.11 (0.79–1.56)

1.48 (0.99–2.20)

0.07

 

  Male

1 [Reference]

1.29 (0.88–1.89)

1.23 (0.83–1.82)

1.30 (0.88–1.92)

1.88 (1.38–2.56)

 < 0.001

 

 Ethnicity

      

0.32

  White

1 [Reference]

1.26 (0.90–1.76)

1.18 (0.87–1.59)

1.13 (0.85–1.50)

1.72 (1.29–2.30)

0.002

 

  Black

1 [Reference]

1.08 (0.62–1.90)

1.73 (1.01–2.96)

1.48 (0.89–2.48)

1.97 (1.20–3.23)

0.010

 

  Mexican

1 [Reference]

0.56 (0.20- 1.59)

1.17 (0.46- 2.93)

1.49 (0.68- 3.27)

1.35 (0.57- 3.17)

0.270

 

  Other

1 [Reference]

1.08 (0.33–3.55)

1.93 (0.64–5.85)

1.94 (0.84–4.47)

2.17 (1.02–4.61)

0.030

 

 Education level

     

0.50

  < High school diploma

1 [Reference]

1.02 (0.63–1.66)

1.32 (0.78–2.22)

1.14 (0.76–1.71)

1.80 (1.21–2.67)

0.010

 

  High school diploma

1 [Reference]

0.77 (0.42–1.38)

1.15 (0.70–1.90)

1.29 (0.83–2.00)

1.56 (0.91–2.69)

0.030

 

  > High school diploma

1 [Reference]

1.67 (1.09–2.55)

1.35 (0.89–2.04)

1.25 (0.79–1.98)

1.87 (1.28–2.72)

0.010

 

 Smoking status

     

0.07

  Never

1 [Reference]

1.18 (0.85–1.64)

1.23 (0.86–1.78)

1.07 (0.75–1.52)

1.74 (1.18–2.56)

0.030

 

  Former

1 [Reference]

1.14 (0.76–1.72)

1.31 (0.85–2.01)

0.88 (0.60–1.31)

1.34 (0.98–1.83)

0.350

 

  Current

1 [Reference]

1.36 (0.55–3.39)

1.13 (0.49–2.62)

2.69 (1.20–6.02)

2.57 (1.34–4.92)

 < 0.001

 

 Drinking status

     

0.29

  Never

1 [Reference]

1.22 (0.62–2.40)

1.25 (0.72–2.19)

1.86 (1.02–3.39)

1.70 (1.00–2.88)

0.030

 

  Former

1 [Reference]

1.30 (0.80–2.11)

1.41 (0.93–2.14)

1.29 (0.86–1.93)

1.96 (1.32–2.93)

0.002

 

  Current

1 [Reference]

1.13 (0.74–1.72)

1.18 (0.72–1.94)

0.97 (0.65–1.44)

1.56 (1.07–2.29)

0.130

 

 Coronary heart disease

    

0.20

  No

1 [Reference]

1.13 (0.84–1.52)

1.11 (0.80–1.54)

1.19 (0.92–1.55)

1.74 (1.30–2.32)

 < 0.001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.41 (0.73–2.73)

1.97 (1.14–3.41)

1.28 (0.73–2.25)

1.65 (0.85–3.20)

0.140

 

 Congestive heart failure

    

0.31

  No

1 [Reference]

1.09 (0.80–1.50)

1.25 (0.97–1.61)

1.15 (0.87–1.51)

1.60 (1.23–2.07)

 < 0.001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.32 (0.59- 2.96)

1.55 (0.80- 3.00)

1.45 (0.84- 2.51)

2.23 (1.23- 4.04)

0.010

 

 Chronic kidney disease

     

0.35

  No

1 [Reference]

1.02 (0.68–1.54)

1.23 (0.77–1.96)

1.11 (0.76–1.60)

1.27 (0.85–1.90)

0.220

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.37 (0.96–1.95)

1.34 (0.99–1.81)

1.30 (0.99–1.71)

2.03 (1.47–2.81)

 < 0.001

 

 Diabetes

      

0.39

  No

1 [Reference]

1.37 (0.99–1.90)

1.26 (0.92–1.71)

1.18 (0.82–1.68)

1.81 (1.31–2.49)

0.004

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

0.81 (0.45–1.46)

1.25 (0.83–1.88)

1.24 (0.88–1.73)

1.53 (1.09–2.15)

0.010

 

 Hyperlipidemia

      

0.61

  No

1 [Reference]

1.33 (0.74–2.38)

0.87 (0.42–1.80)

1.41 (0.81–2.44)

1.48 (0.79–2.76)

0.190

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.16 (0.83–1.61)

1.33 (0.99–1.77)

1.16 (0.89–1.52)

1.76 (1.36–2.28)

 < 0.001

 

 Hypertension

      

0.65

  No

1 [Reference]

1.58 (0.95–2.62)

1.31 (0.83–2.07)

1.34 (0.74–2.42)

1.63 (0.95–2.79)

0.130

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.06 (0.73–1.54)

1.22 (0.91–1.64)

1.16 (0.89–1.51)

1.67 (1.25–2.23)

0.001

 

 Stroke

      

0.26

  No

1 [Reference]

1.15 (0.85–1.57)

1.14 (0.87–1.51)

1.14 (0.88–1.47)

1.67 (1.29–2.17)

 < 0.001

 

  Yes

1 [Reference]

1.99 (0.77–5.16)

2.65 (0.98–7.20)

2.36 (0.96–5.81)

2.75 (1.15–6.55)

0.010

 

 Waist, cm

      

0.45

  < 100

1 [Reference]

1.26 (0.82–1.93)

1.28 (0.86–1.91)

1.36 (0.95–1.94)

2.24 (1.52–3.29)

 < 0.001

 

  ≥ 100

1 [Reference]

1.14 (0.80–1.62)

1.29 (0.91–1.83)

1.15 (0.76–1.72)

1.50 (1.08–2.10)

0.040

 
  1. HR, hazard ratio
  2. aMeasured by the nine-item center for the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the range of PHQ-9 is between 0 and 27 with the highest score indicating the highest risk of depressive symptoms
  3. bModel were all adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity, education, smoking, drinking, waist, and systolic blood pressure, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and stroke
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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X