Fig. 4

Favorable (A) and unfavorable (B) age-period-cohort effects on exemplar countries across SDI quintiles. Local drifts indicate the annual percentage change of incidence rate (% per year) across five-year age groups (from 5–9 to 80–84 years). Age effects are represented by the fitted longitudinal age curves of incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) adjusted for period deviations. Period effects are represented by the relative risk of incidence rate (incidence rate ratio) and computed as the ratio of age-specific rates in each period compared to the referent 2000–2004 period. Cohort effects are represented by the relative risk of incidence rate (incidence rate ratio) and computed as the ratio of age-specific rates in each cohort compared to the referent 1960 cohort. The shaded areas indicate the corresponding 95% CIs of each point estimate. SDI Socio-demographic Index