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Table 2 Association between maternal depression and early childhood development

From: Maternal depression and early childhood development among children aged 24–59 months: the mediating effect of responsive caregiving

Characteristic

Model 1

Model 2 a

Model 3 b

Model 4 c

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

Maternal depression

        

No

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

Yes

3.09 (1.80–5.31)

 < 0.001

3.33 (1.92–5.78)

 < 0.001

3.09 (1.77–5.40)

 < 0.001

2.57 (1.44–4.58)

0.001

Child sex

        

Female

  

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

Male

  

2.10 (1.18–3.73)

0.011

2.05 (1.15–3.64)

0.014

1.94 (1.08–3.47)

0.026

Child age (month)

  

1.06 (1.00–1.12)

0.056

1.06 (1.00–1.12)

0.045

1.06 (1.00–1.12)

0.049

Premature birth

        

No

  

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

Yes

  

0.92 (0.27–3.13)

0.893

1.00 (0.29–3.41)

0.998

0.81 (0.23–2.91)

0.751

Maternal age (year)

  

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

0.275

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

0.247

0.97 (0.91–1.04)

0.441

Maternal educational achievement

        

Middle school or below

  

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

High school

  

0.80 (0.23–2.84)

0.729

1.00 (0.27–3.70)

0.996

1.20 (0.30–4.78)

0.795

College or university

  

0.42 (0.13–1.38)

0.152

0.49 (0.14–1.67)

0.255

0.64 (0.17–2.38)

0.509

Master or above

  

0.80 (0.15–4.29)

0.792

0.86 (0.15–4.80)

0.865

1.18 (0.20–6.96)

0.852

Annual household income (CNY)

        

 < 50 000

  

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

50 000–200 000

  

1.13 (0.45–2.83)

0.788

1.04 (0.41–2.63)

0.936

1.15 (0.44–3.05)

0.773

200 000–500 000

  

1.18 (0.42–3.32)

0.752

1.16 (0.41–3.29)

0.786

1.35 (0.46–4.00)

0.589

 > 500 000

  

0.54 (0.06–4.90)

0.585

0.51 (0.06–4.67)

0.550

0.59 (0.06–5.58)

0.647

Ethnicity

        

Han

  

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

Minority

  

0.50 (0.12–2.13)

0.350

0.50 (0.12–2.15)

0.355

0.55 (0.13–2.36)

0.422

Positive discipline

        

No

    

1.00 (Ref)

 

1.00 (Ref)

 

Yes

    

2.88 (0.98–8.43)

0.053

2.92 (0.97–8.76)

0.056

Accompany time (Hours)

    

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.220

0.95 (0.86–1.04)

0.258

Responsive caregiving

        

No

      

1.00 (Ref)

 

Yes

      

3.89 (1.89–8.02)

 < 0.001

  1. Model 1: unadjusted
  2. a Model 2: adjusted for child age, child sex, premature birth, ethnicity, maternal age, maternal educational achievement, and annual household income
  3. bModel 3: Model 1 plus adjustment for positive discipline and accompanying time with child
  4. c Model 4: Model 2 plus adjustment for responsive caregiving
  5. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference
  6. Dependent variable: ECD (0 = normal; 1 = delay)
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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X