Table 1 Association between genetic susceptibility to mood swings and 28 gastrointestinal diseases in univariable and multivariable mendelian randomization

Upper gastrointestinal diseases

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

157939

981527

6.7614 [1.7957; 25.4595]

0.0047*

0.0159*

3.2842 [0.8143; 13.2460]

0.0947

0.2841

Esophageal cancer

1738

849062

1.0001 [0.9954; 1.0048]

0.9645

0.9872

1.0020 [0.9950; 1.0090]

0.572

0.6715

Gastric ulcer

8239

717717

1.1650 [1.1566; 1.1736]

0.0007*

0.0047*

1.0100 [0.9989; 1.0212]

0.0775

0.2616

Duodenal ulcer

5703

815852

1.4110 [0.5793; 3.4364]

0.4484

0.5264

1.0036 [0.9947; 1.0127]

0.426

0.5692

Acute gastritis

2558

352622

4.7700 [1.4900; 15.230]

0.0085*

0.0208*

1.2910 [0.7910,2.1100]

0.3075

0.5692

Chronic gastritis

11784

823391

1.0101 [1.0027; 1.0176]

0.0078*

0.0209*

1.0090 [1.0020; 1.0160]

0.0114*

0.0260*

Barrett’s esophagus

1630

870695

4.5969 [0.5416; 39.0206]

0.1621

0.2432

2.5808 [0.3291; 20.2411]

0.3669

0.5692

Lower gastrointestinal diseases

Irritable bowel syndrome

63829

826311

3.8720 [2.6711; 5.6128]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

1.2436 [0.7330; 2.1097]

0.4189

0.5692

Celiac disease

16345

38932

0.4856 [0.1262; 1.8679]

0.2933

0.3771

0.6099 [0.0726; 5.1241]

0.6489

0.7300

Diverticular disease

42048

817581

1.3360 [0.7016; 2.5438]

0.3781

0.4640

1.0204 [1.0005; 1.0406]

0.0441*

0.0845

Ulcerative colitis

7918

874327

0.9997 [0.9937; 1.0057]

0.9191

0.9872

1.0030 [0.9945; 1.0115]

0.4893

0.6005

Crohn’s disease

3132

857638

1.0040 [0.9990; 1.0090]

0.1161

0.1959

1.0010 [0.9935; 1.0085]

0.7922

0.8393

Colorectal cancer

11267

697476

0.9999 [0.9882; 1.0117]

0.9872

0.9872

1.0119 [0.9936; 1.0306

0.204

0.4590

Colon cancer

5348

678599

1.0030 [0.9980; 1.0080]

0.24

0.3240

1.0060 [0.9941; 1.0181]

0.327

0.5692

Internal hemorrhoids

9739

800209

1.0071 [1.0026; 1.0117]

0.0022*

0.0085

1.0228 [1.0016; 1.0444]

0.0347*

0.0382*

Acute appendicitis

33196

872720

1.1919 [0.7862; 1.8070]

0.0767

0.1381

0.9991 [0.9916; 1.0066]

0.8082

0.8393

Ileus

2911

398631

1.9500 [0.8000; 4.7300]

0.1534

0.2432

2.5400 [0.6700,9.6300]

0.1691

0.4151

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

11002

1190795

1.9739 [1.3268; 2.9365]

0.0080*

0.0209*

1.6333 [0.5282; 5.0508]

0.3943

0.5692

Alcoholic liver disease

1416

218792

5.7900 [0.9800,34.010]

0.0592

0.1230

2.6000 [0.2800,23.8100]

0.3976

0.5692

Cirrhosis

43914

759587

3.5680 [1.6176; 7.8697]

0.0016*

0.0072*

3.4050 [1.1862; 9.7736]

0.0228*

0.0391*

Hepatic cancer

1639

759587

1.0004 [0.9959; 1.0049]

0.8156

0.9176

1.0030 [0.9965; 1.0095]

0.3636

0.5692

Cholangitis

2315

470123

1.0030 [0.9980; 1.0080]

0.238

0.3240

0.9998 [0.9928; 1.0068]

0.9549

0.9549

Cholecystitis

14517

837589

2.2947 [1.4051; 3.7473]

0.0009*

0.0049*

1.8352 [0.8386; 4.0162]

0.1287

0.3475

Cholelithiasis

66313

889385

1.9720 [1.0922; 3.5603]

0.0243*

0.0546*

1.2168 [0.7373; 2.0081]

0.4427

0.5692

Acute pancreatitis

10585

848330

1.9952 [1.4479; 2.7495]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

4.9171 [2.4004; 10.0725]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

Chronic pancreatitis

5299

843044

4.1076 [1.8479; 9.1304]

0.0005*

0.0045*

5.4072 [3.6882; 7.9274]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

Pancreatic cancer

2092

480080

1.3722 [0.3992; 4.7161]

0.0767

0.1381

6.4126 [0.9666; 42.5441]

0.0543

0.2094