Table 2 Association between genetic susceptibility to experiencing mood swings and 28 gastrointestinal diseases in univariable and multivariable mendelian randomization

Upper gastrointestinal diseases

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

157,939

981,527

2.4673 [1.6938; 3.5940]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

1.6052 [1.2968; 1.9870]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

Esophageal cancer

1738

849,062

1.0010 [0.9985; 1.0035]

0.4317

0.5254

1.0020 [0.9985; 1.0055]

0.2606

0.4691

Gastric ulcer

8239

717,717

1.0070 [1.0030; 1.0110]

0.0005*

0.0034*

1.0050 [0.9990; 1.0110]

0.1036

0.2543

Duodenal ulcer

5703

815,852

1.2040 [0.7457; 1.9441]

0.4476

0.5254

0.9980 [0.9930; 1.0030]

0.434

0.6167

Acute gastritis

2558

352,622

2.6400 [1.3900;5.0200]

0.0030*

0.0135*

3.0600 [1.1700;8.0200]

0.0229*

0.0335*

Chronic gastritis

11,784

823,391

1.1743 [0.8067; 1.7096]

0.4017

0.5254

1.0020 [0.9985; 1.0055]

0.2574

0.4691

Barrett’s esophagus

1630

870,695

1.9741 [0.7908; 4.9280]

0.1451

0.2798

1.2421 [0.6242; 2.4718]

0.5368

0.6902

Lower gastrointestinal diseases

Irritable bowel syndrome

63,829

826,311

1.9305 [1.5924; 2.3405]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

1.3160 [1.0144; 1.7074]

0.0387*

0.0496*

Celiac disease

16,345

38,932

0.3603 [0.1259; 1.0312]

0.0571

0.1285

0.3377 [0.1105; 1.0326]

0.0569

0.1707

Diverticular disease

42,048

817,581

1.1496 [0.8405; 1.5724]

0.3828

0.5254

1.1428 [0.8579; 1.5223]

0.3617

0.5744

Ulcerative colitis

7918

874,327

0.9980 [0.9945; 1.0015]

0.2632

0.4663

0.9960 [0.9914; 1.0007]

0.0934

0.2521

Crohn’s disease

3132

857,638

1.1808 [0.6958; 2.0038]

0.5381

0.6054

0.9990 [0.9950; 1.0030]

0.6264

07185

Colorectal cancer

11,267

697,476

1.0030 [0.9955; 1.0106]

0.4296

0.5254

1.0010 [0.9925; 1.0095]

0.8229

0.8229

Colon cancer

5348

678,599

0.9996 [0.9954; 1.0038]

0.8535

0.8535

0.9980 [0.9920; 1.0040]

0.5135

0.6902

Internal hemorrhoids

9739

800,209

1.0029 [1.0002; 1.0056]

0.0341*

0.0521

1.0041 [1.0002; 1.0079]

0.0368*

0.0427*

Acute appendicitis

33,196

872,720

1.1271 [0.8512; 1.4926]

0.4036

0.5254

1.1700[0.7974;1.7168]

0.4221

0.6167

Ileus

2911

398,631

1.6900 [1.0190;2.8030]

0.0420*

0.0909*

2.3800 [1.2500;4.5400]

0.0083*

0.0393*

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

11,002

1,190,795

1.1894 [0.8704; 1.6252]

0.2763

0.4663

1.1376 [0.7338; 1.7637]

0.5643

0.6926

Alcoholic liver disease

1416

218,792

2.2500 [0.8500;5.9400]

0.1024

0.2127

1.2200 [0.3200;4.6400]

0.7752

0.8050

Cirrhosis

43,914

759,587

1.9100 [1.2137; 3.0057]

0.0052*

0.0176*

3.6071 [1.9291; 6.7446]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

Hepatic cancer

1639

759,587

1.0010 [0.9985; 1.0035]

0.4328

0.5254

1.0010 [0.9970; 1.0050]

0.6387

0.7185

Cholangitis

2315

470,123

1.0009 [0.9978; 1.0041]

0.5722

0.6180

0.9980 [0.9940; 1.0020]

0.3273

0.5523

Cholecystitis

14,517

837,589

1.5069 [1.1363; 1.9984]

0.0044*

0.0170*

1.3581 [0.8790; 2.0982]

0.1679

0.3778

Cholelithiasis

66,313

889,385

1.3136 [1.1212; 1.5390]

0.0007*

0.0038*

1.1990 [0.8939; 1.6082]

0.2257

0.4688

Acute pancreatitis

10,585

848,330

2.2647 [1.5994; 3.2066]

< 0.0001*

0.0001*

3.1264 [1.9240; 5.0800]

< 0.0001*

< 0.0001*

Chronic pancreatitis

5299

843,044

1.7286 [1.1020; 2.7113]

0.0172*

0.0416*

1.8954 [1.0041; 3.5777]

0.0485*

0.0758

Pancreatic cancer

2092

480,080

1.1073 [0.5331; 2.3000]

0.7847

0.8149

1.1078 [0.6462; 1.8991]

0.7097

0.7665