Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the whole sample and differences between subjects with manic and depressive predominant polarity

Age (years)

128

N = 128

n = 63

n = 28

n = 37

z = 1.67

p = 0.096

z = –3.17

p = 0.002

 Mean ± SD

48.7 ± 15.9

46.1 ± 14.4

45.0 ± 15.5

55.8 ± 16.8

 Median (IQR)

50.5 (23.7)

48.7 (18.8)

42.9 (25.9)

54.65 (24.8)

Males, n (%)

128

66/128 (51.6%)

34/63 (54.0%)

17/28 (60.7%)

15/37 (40.5%)

χ² = 0.29

p = 0.592

χ² = 2.53

p = 0.112

University/master’s degree, n (%)

121

20/121 (16.5%)

12/57 (21.1%)

4/28 (14.3%)

4/36 (11.1%)

χ² = 1.60

p = 0.206

χ² = 1.09

p = 0.296

Unemployed, n (%)

127

59/127 (46.5%)

33/62 (53.2%)

12/28 (42.9%)

14/37 (37.8%)

χ² = 2.23

p = 0.135

χ² = 1.56

p = 0.212

Married/with partner, n (%)

126

42/126 (33.3%)

18/62 (29.0%)

10/28 (35.7%)

15/36 (41.7%)

χ² = 1.02

p = 0.313

χ² = 1.58

p = 0.209

Living alone, n (%)

127

41/127 (32.3%)

21/62 (33.9%)

8/28 (28.6%)

12/37 (32.4%)

χ² = 0.14

p = 0.709

χ² = 0.0005

p = 0.982

Age at onset (years)

117

N = 117

n = 56

n = 27

n = 34

z = 2.89

p = 0.004

z = –2.44

p = 0.015

 Mean ± SD

29.6 ± 10.8

26.5 ± 8.7

30.2 ± 9.3

34.2 ± 13.4

 Median (IQR)

28 (15)

24.5 (12)

30 (12)

31.5 (19)

Duration of illness (years)

117

N = 117

n = 56

n = 27

n = 34

z = –0.45

p = 0.655

z = –1.67

p = 0.095

 Mean ± SD

10.8 ± 12.8

19.0 ± 12.5

13.8 ± 12.8

21.6 ± 12.5

 Median (IQR)

17.4 (20.0)

18.3 (20.0)

10.1 (18.5)

20.4 (19.5)

Bipolar disorder type I, n (%)

128

100/128 (78.1%)

57/63 (90.5%)

25/28 (89.3%)

18/37 (48.6%)

χ² = 11.1

p = 0.001

χ² = 26.46

p =  < 0.001

Polarity of first episode

107

p =  < 0.001 ^§

p =  < 0.001 ^§

 Manic polarity, n (%)

67/107 (62.6%)

50/53 (94.3%)

15/24 (62.5%)

2/30 (6.7%)

 Depressive polarity, n (%)

40/107 (37.4%)

3/53 (5.7%)

9/24 (37.5%)

28/30 (93.3%)

Total number of manic/hypomanic episodes

118

N = 118

n = 56

n = 28

n = 34

z = –4.16

p =  < 0.001

z = 4.52

p =  < 0.001

 Mean ± SD

4.92 ± 4.91

6.20 ± 5.17

5.14 ± 5.43

2.65 ± 2.95

 Median (IQR)

3 (4)

4 (6)

3 (5)

1 (2)

Total number of depressive episodes

118

N = 118

n = 56

n = 28

n = 34

z = 7.78

p =  < 0.001

z = –6.52

p =  < 0.001

 Mean ± SD

4.14 ± 5.83

1.13 ± 1.55

4.96 ± 6.05

8.41 ± 7.18

 Median (IQR)

2 (5)

1 (1)

3 (4.5)

6.5 (7)

Total mood episodes

118

N = 118

n = 56

n = 28

n = 34

z = 2.25

p = 0.024

z = –2.26

p = 0.024

 Mean ± SD

9.1 ± 8.9

7.3 ± 6.4

10.1 ± 11.3

11.1 ± 9.9

 Median (IQR)

6 (8)

5 (6.5)

6.5 (9)

8.5 (8)

Hospitalizations

118

N = 118

n = 56

n = 28

n = 34

z = –1.54

p = 0.123

z = 0.50

p = 0.619

 Mean ± SD

5.86 ± 5.78

6.38 ± 6.32

5.43 ± 6.17

5.38 (4.45)

 Median (IQR)

4 (6)

4 (4.5)

3.5 (3.5)

3.5 (6)

Family history of mood disorders, n (%)

128

28/128 (21.9%)

16/63 (25.4%)

2/28 (7.1%)

10/37 (27.0%)

χ² = 0.90

p = 0.343

χ² = 0.81

p = 0.369

Alcohol use disorder, n (%)

128

29/128 (22.7%)

15/63 (23.8%)

7/28 (25.0%)

7/37 (18.9%)

χ² = 0.09

p = 0.759

χ² = 0.41

p = 0.520

Cannabis use disorder, n (%)

127

42/128 (32.8%)

26/62 (41.9%)

10/28 (35.7%)

6/37 (16.2%)

χ² = 4.30

p = 0.038

χ² = 6.70

p = 0.010

Cocaine use disorder, n (%)

127

20/127 (15.7%)

11/62 (17.7%)

5/28 (17.9%)

4/37 (10.8%)

χ² = 0.36

p = 0.547

χ² = 0.96

p = 0.327

Other substances, n (%)

127

9/127 (7.1%)

7/62 (11.3%)

2/28 (7.1%)

0/37 (0%)

p = 0.091 ^§

p = 0.058 ^§

Comorbid Cluster B personality disorder, n (%)

128

25/128 (19.5%)

9/63 (14.3%)

7/28 (25.0%)

9/37 (24.3%)

χ² = 2.17

p = 0.141

χ² = 0.76

p = 0.383

History of suicide attempts, n (%)

128

28/128 (21.9%)

9/63 (14.3%)

4/28 (14.3%)

15/37 (40.5%)

χ² = 4.18

p = 0.041

χ² = 10.61

p = 0.001

Mood stabilizers, n (%)

126

91/126 (72.2%)

41/62 (66.1%)

24/27 (88.9%)

26/37 (70.3%)

χ² = 2.26

p = 0.133

χ² = 0.10

p = 0.752

Lithium, n (%)

126

57/126 (45.2%)

25/62 (40.3%)

19/27 (70.4%)

13/37 (35.1%)

χ² = 1.19

p = 0.275

χ² = 2.16

p = 0.142

Anticonvulsants, n (%)

126

45/126 (35.7%)

21/62 (33.9%)

9/27 (33.3%)

15/37 (40.5%)

χ² = 0.18

p = 0.671

χ² = 0.53

p = 0.466

Antipsychotics, n (%)

126

105/126 (83.3%)

53/62 (85.5%)

22/27 (81.5%)

30/37 (81.1%)

χ² = 0.41

p = 0.524

χ² = 0.19

p = 0.662

Second-generation antipsychotics, n (%)

125

95/125 (76.0%)

48/62 (77.4%)

18/27 (66.7%)

29/36 (80.6%)

χ² = 0.14

p = 0.712

χ² = 0.58

p = 0.448

First-generation antipsychotics, n (%)

126

28/126 (22.2%)

19/62 (30.6%)

6/27 (22.2%)

3/37 (8.1%)

χ² = 5.01

p = 0.025

p = 0.017 ^§

Antidepressants, n (%)

126

28/126 (22.2%)

2/62 (3.2%)

4/27 (14.8%)

22/37 (59.5%)

χ² = 25.48

p =  < 0.001

χ² = 42.02

p =  < 0.001

Benzodiazepines, n (%)

126

105/126 (83.3%)

51/62 (82.3%)

23/27 (85.2%)

31/37 (83.8%)

χ² = 0.10

p = 0.750

χ² = 0.008

p = 0.930