Table 1 Univariate regression analysis on factors associated with probable depression in caregiver of children with ADHD

Demographics of caregivers:

 Female gender

166 (83.4)

125 (82.2)

39 (88.6)

1.69 (0.61–4.67)

0.316

 Age, years

  18–49

154 (77.4)

118 (77.6)

34 (77.3)

Reference

N/A

  50 or above

45 (22.6)

34 (22.4)

10 (22.7)

1.02 (0.46–2.28)

0.960

 Highest education

  Secondary or below

111 (55.8)

84 (55.3)

25 (56.8)

Reference

N/A

  Tertiary or above

88 (44.2)

68 (44.7)

19 (43.2)

1.07 (0.54–2.10)

0.855

 Marital status

  Married

171 (87.7)

134 (88.7)

37 (84.1)

0.67 (0.26–1.74)

0.411

  Unmarried ^b

24 (12.3)

17 (11.3)

7 (15.7)

Reference

N/A

 Employment status

  Working

120 (60.3)

91 (59.9)

28 (63.6)

Reference

N/A

  Housemaker

69 (34.7)

53 (34.9)

14 (31.8)

0.86 (0.42–1.77)

0.680

  Unemployed/retired

10 (5.0)

8 (5.3)

2 (4.5)

0.81 (0.16–4.05)

0.800

 Living area

  Less than 500 sq. ft.

117 (58.8)

90 (59.2)

25 (59.5)

Reference

N/A

  501 or more sq. ft.

80 (40.2)

62 (40.8)

17 (40.5)

0.99 (0.49–1.98)

0.971

 Monthly household income < HK$25,000

75 (37.7)

57 (38.3)

17 (40.5)

1.10 (0.55–2.21)

0.794

 Medical morbidities of caregivers

  Chronic physical disease

49 (25.0)

35 (23.2)

12 (28.6)

1.33 (0.62–2.86)

0.472

  Mental disorder

25 (12.8)

12 (7.9)

12 (28.6)

4.63 (1.90–11.31)

< 0.001

 History of COVID-19 infection (yes)

60 (30.8)

49 (32.5)

10 (23.8)

0.65 (0.30–1.43)

0.285

 Vaccination status

  Non-vaccinated or 1 dose

16 (8.0)

11 (7.2)

24 (54.5)

Reference

N/A

  2 doses or more

183 (92.0)

141 (92.8)

20 (45.5)

0.61 (0.20–1.86)

0.383

COVID-19-related stressors:

 Number of COVID-19-related stressors ^c

  0

103 (51.8)

92 (60.5)

9 (20.5)

Reference

N/A

  1–2

45 (22.6)

29 (19.1)

16 (36.4)

5.64 (2.25–14.11)

< 0.001

  3 or more

51 (25.6)

31 (20.4)

19 (43.2)

6.27 (2.57–15.28)

< 0.001

 Distress due to social distancing measures

4.7 (3.2)

4.5 (3.2)

5.5 (3.5)

1.10 (0.98–1.23)

0.098

 Distress due to school closure

  No or some difficulties

118 (59.3)

96 (63.2)

19 (43.2)

Reference

N/A

  Many or a lot of difficulties

81 (40.7)

56 (36.8)

25 (56.8)

2.26 (1.14–4.46)

0.019

Child-related factors:

 Age, years

  6–11

108 (54.3)

84 (55.3)

23 (52.3)

Reference

N/A

  12–17

91 (45.7)

68 (44.7)

21 (47.7)

1.13 (0.58–2.21)

0.726

 Female gender

53 (26.6)

37 (24.3)

15 (34.1)

1.61 (0.78–3.32)

0.199

 With siblings

142 (71.4)

105 (69.1)

34 (77.3)

1.52 (0.70–3.34)

0.294

 Duration of psychiatric service, years

4.8 (2.9)

4.8 (3.0)

4.7 (2.5)

0.99 (0.88–1.12)

0.869

 Receipt of ADHD medication

164 (82.4)

124 (81.6)

37 (86.0)

1.39 (0.54–3.62)

0.497

 History of COVID-19 infection

58 (29.1)

47 (30.5)

9 (21.4)

0.61 (0.27–1.37)

0.609

 Special learning disorders

58 (29.1)

42 (27.6)

15 (34.1)

1.36 (0.66–2.78)

0.407

 Psychiatric comorbidities ^d

36 (18.1)

27 (17.8)

8 (18.2)

1.03 (0.43–2.46)

0.949

 Vaccination status

  Non-vaccinated

39 (19.6)

25 (16.4)

14 (31.8)

Reference

N/A

  1 dose or more

160 (80.4)

127 (83.6)

30 (68.2)

0.42 (0.20–0.91)

0.027

 ADHD symptom severity (SWAN)

  Inattention

8.9 (7.7)

7.5 (7.4)

13.3 (6.8)

1.12 (1.06–1.19)

< 0.001

  Hyperactivity/impulsivity

6.0 (8.8)

4.7 (8.6)

9.9 (8.3)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

< 0.001

 Internalizing and externalizing symptoms (SDQ)

  Emotional symptoms

3.1 (2.2)

2.7 (2.0)

4.4 (2.3)

1.45 (1.22–1.73)

< 0.001

  Conduct problems

3.1 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

3.6 (1.4)

1.39 (1.08–1.78)

0.009

  Peer relationship problems

4.6 (1.6)

4.4 (1.5)

5.0 (1.8)

1.27 (1.02–1.58)

0.034

  Prosocial behaviour

6.2 (2.3)

6.3 (2.2)

6.0 (2.6)

0.95 (0.82–1.11)

0.536

 Insomnia

  None or mild

166 (83.4)

138 (90.8)

27 (61.4)

Reference

N/A

  Moderate to very severe

31 (15.6)

14 (9.2)

17 (38.6)

6.21 (2.74–14.08)

< 0.001