Table 3 Univariate regression analysis on factors associated with probable anxiety in caregiver of children with ADHD

Demographics of caregivers:

 Female gender

166 (83.4)

134 (82.7)

28 (84.8)

1.17 (0.42–3.29)

0.766

 Age, years

  18–49

154 (77.4)

126 (77.8)

24 (72.7)

Reference

N/A

  50 or above

45 (22.6)

36 (22.2)

9 (27.3)

1.31 (0.56–3.07)

0.531

 Highest education

  Secondary or below

111 (55.8)

87 (53.7)

21 (63.6)

Reference

N/A

  Tertiary or above

88 (44.2)

75 (46.3)

12 (36.4)

0.66 (0.31–1.44)

0.297

 Marital status

  Married

171 (87.7)

141 (87.6)

30 (90.9)

1.42 (0.40–5.08)

0.591

  Unmarried ^b

24 (12.3)

20 (12.4)

3 (9.1)

Reference

N/A

 Employment status

  Working

120 (60.3)

96 (59.3)

23 (69.7)

Reference

N/A

  Housemaker

69 (34.7)

57 (35.2)

9 (27.3)

0.66 (0.29–1.52)

0.329

  Unemployed/retired

10 (5.0)

9 (5.6)

1 (3.0)

0.46 (0.06–3.85)

0.477

 Living area

  Less than 500 sq. ft.

117 (58.8)

98 (60.5)

18 (54.5)

Reference

N/A

  501 or more sq. ft.

80 (40.2)

64 (39.5)

15 (45.5)

1.28 (0.60–2.71)

0.526

 Monthly household income < HK$25,000

75 (37.7)

61 (38.4)

13 (39.4)

1.04 (0.49–2.25)

0.912

 Medical morbidities of caregivers

  Chronic physical disease

49 (25.0)

35 (21.7)

13 (39.4)

2.34 (1.06–5.17)

0.035

  Mental disorder

25 (12.8)

14 (8.7)

10 (30.3)

4.57 (1.81–11.49)

0.001

 History of COVID-19 infection

60 (30.8)

51 (31.7)

9 (27.3)

0.81 (0.35–1.86)

0.618

 Vaccination status

  Non-vaccinated or 1 dose

16 (8.0)

14 (8.6)

2 (6.1)

Reference

N/A

  2 doses or more

183 (92.0)

148 (91.4)

31 (93.9)

1.47 (0.32–6.78)

0.624

COVID-19-related stressors:

 Number of COVID-19 related stressors ^c

  0

103 (51.8)

96 (59.3)

4 (12.1)

Reference

N/A

  1–2

45 (22.6)

33 (20.4)

12 (36.4)

8.73 (2.63–28.94)

< 0.001

  3 or more

51 (25.6)

33 (20.4)

17 (51.5)

12.36 (3.88–39.39)

< 0.001

 Distress due to social distancing measures

4.7 (3.2)

4.4 (3.2)

6.5 (2.8)

1.24 (1.09–1.42)

0.002

 Distress due to school closure

  No or some difficulties

118 (59.3)

103 (63.6)

11 (33.3)

Reference

N/A

  Many or a lot of difficulties

81 (40.7)

59 (36.4)

22 (66.7)

3.49 (1.58–7.70)

0.002

Child-related factors:

 Age, years

  6–11

108 (54.3)

88 (54.3)

19 (57.6)

Reference

N/A

  12–17

91 (45.7)

74 (45.7)

14 (42.4)

0.88 (0.41–1.87)

0.732

 Female gender

53 (26.6)

42 (25.9)

10 (30.3)

1.24 (0.55–2.82)

0.605

 With siblings

142 (71.4)

111 (68.5)

28 (84.8)

2.57 (0.94–7.05)

0.066

 Duration of psychiatric service, years

4.8 (2.9)

4.9 (3.0)

4.6 (2.3)

0.96 (0.84–1.11)

0.606

 Receipt of ADHD medication

164 (82.4)

134 (82.7)

27 (81.8)

0.94 (0.36–2.49)

0.901

 History of COVID-19 vaccination

 Special learning disorders

58 (29.1)

47 (29.0)

10 (30.3)

1.06 (0.47–2.41)

0.882

 Psychiatric comorbidities ^d

36 (18.1)

24 (14.8)

10 (30.3)

2.50 (1.06–5.91)

0.037

 History of COVID-19 infection

58 (29.1)

49 (30.2)

8 (24.2)

0.74 (0.31–1.75)

0.491

 Vaccination status

  Non-vaccinated

39 (19.6)

31 (19.1)

8 (24.2)

Reference

N/A

  1 dose or more

160 (80.4)

131 (80.9)

25 (75.8)

0.74 (0.31–1.80)

0.505

 ADHD symptom severity (SWAN)

  Inattention

8.9 (7.7)

7.9 (7.5)

12.8 (7.2)

1.10 (1.04–1.16)

0.001

  Hyperactivity/impulsivity

6.0 (8.8)

5.1 (8.4)

9.9 (9.8)

1.07 (1.02–1.12)

0.005

 Internalizing and externalizing symptoms (SDQ)

  Emotional symptoms

3.1 (2.2)

2.7 (2.0)

4.7 (2.2)

1.55 (1.28–1.89)

< 0.001

  Conduct problems

3.1 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

3.7 (1.3)

1.43 (1.09–1.88)

0.010

  Peer relationship problems

4.6 (1.6)

4.5 (1.5)

5.0 (1.9)

1.24 (0.98–1.57)

0.080

  Prosocial behaviour

6.2 (2.3)

6.3 (2.2)

5.7 (2.7)

0.88 (0.75–1.04)

0.140

 Insomnia

  None or mild

166 (83.4)

143 (88.3)

22 (66.7)

Reference

N/A

  Moderate to very severe

31 (15.6)

19 (11.7)

11 (33.3)

3.76 (1.58–8.96)

0.003